Offhand, I could come up with characters that fit some of your conditions, but none that meet all of them. You could try checking your local library for the mystery anthologies (often shelved all together at the end or beginning of the mystery section). Collections on a theme (like the Sisters in Crime female-detective anthologies), or set in particular times (like the 'Holmes's contemporaries' collections) would be a starting point. Of course, that's more likely to get you one-off short stories than series characters.